Credit cards? No it wont, Deborah said, climbing on all fours across the pile of papers,and sitting cross-legged in the center of the bed. But you can haveeternal life. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. They say shes not even human anymore! She laughed aloud, manic laugh and ran to the window. In 2006 an NIH researcher gave thousands of tissue samples tothe pharmaceutical company Pfizer in exchange for about half a million dollars.He was charged with violating a federal conflict of interest law, not because hefailed to disclose his financial interest or the value of those tissues to the donors,but because federal researchers arent allowed to take money frompharmaceutical companies. When the films ended, Deborah jumped out of bed and put in yet anothervideo. With the help of an author writing a book about Henrietta Lacks, Deborah found Lurz and asked for records on her sister, Elsie. It used to be, someresearcher in Florida had sixty samples in his freezer, then another guy in Utahhad some in his, says Kathy Hudson, a molecular biologist who founded theGenetics and Public Policy Center at Johns Hopkins University and is now chiefof staff at NIH. It breaks my heart. He motioned for us to come sit in his office. Tourism And Event Management Salary, Your email address will not be published. Janice Hayes-Williams at a "Walk for the Woods" event. Thats boomed our economy and created incentives to doresearch. Despite all the other cases and the press theyve received, the Lacks familyhas never actually tried to sue anyone over the HeLa cells. Elsie was admitted to Crownsville Hospital at age 10 when her mother was at the beginning of her sickness and could no longer care for her. memorial page for Lucile Elsie Lacks (12 Nov 1939-24 Feb 1955), Find a Grave Memorial ID 57275518, citing Lacks Family Cemetery, Clover . Books: the best way to start a new year. Biobanks store appendixes, ovaries, skin,sphincters, testicles, fat, even foreskins from most circumcisions. For mostpeople, knowing if and how their tissues are being used in research is a farbigger issue than profiting from them. She was the oldest daughter of David and Henrietta. There is some evidence to support their claim. Two others live inCalifornia.John Moore appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which refused to hear hiscase. Myface flushed and my throat clenched as Deborah pushed my back to get memoving. What's to be done? Ijust hope its nice and calm. Our time is running out. When heanswered the phone I said, Hey Sonny, its Rebecca, and for a moment the linewent silent. 3. When we got to Clover, we walked along the river, down Main Street, andthrough Henriettas tobacco field. He found them, including a photo taken shortly before she died.. They never question how a White woman gained so much access to privileged information from largely White doctors, scientists, and assistants to tell the HeLa story. In that moment, reading those passages, I understood completely how some ofthe Lackses could believe, without doubt, that Henrietta had been chosen by theLord to become an immortal being. Its illegal to sell human organs and tissues for transplants or medicaltreatments, but its perfectly legal to give them away while charging fees forcollecting and processing them. Gladys had come from Clover by Greyhound as soon as she got word Henrietta was in the hospital. As medical records show, Mrs. 2. On the other side, they say theres no pain or suffering. Unaccustomed to dealing with dead bodies, she focused her gaze away from Henriettas eyes. Doctors, hospitals, and laboratories keepit. As of 2005the most recent year figures were availablethe U.S.government had issued patents relating to the use of about 20 percent of knownhuman genes, including genes for Alzheimers, asthma, colon cancer, and, mostfamously, breast cancer. The ledger that once documented which grave belonged to which patient has been lost or destroyed. Suddenly her strange behavior on the trip seemed less strange.Confusion, panic, and incoherent speech are all symptoms of extremely highblood pressure and blood sugar, which can lead to heart attack and stroke. When they stop at a hotel for the night, Deborah . They could even float through the air. What happened to Elsie lacks at Crownsville? When Ithink about this hair, Im not as lonely. So inthe end, the Common Rule doesnt actually govern most tissue research. Shes suffered a lot inlife, and now shes happy. After finding Deborah in her bed, Sonny cut a lock of her hair and tucked itinside their mothers Bible with the locks of hair from Henrietta and Elsie.Shes with them now, he told me. Gary sat, calmly rocking in his chair, watching Deborahs every move, like adoctor studying a patient. Cuz, he said finally. The Crownsville that Elsie died in was far worse than anything Deborah had imagined. Deborah hoped this meant her brothers would find peace with her desirefor information about their mother. They nolonger talk about suing Johns Hopkins, though Lawrence and Zakariyya stillbelieve theyre owed a share of the profits from HeLa cells.Christoph Lengauer is Global Head of Oncology Drug Discovery atsanofiaventis, one of the biggest pharmaceutical companies in the world. David Korn, vice provost for research at Harvard University, argues thatgiving patients control over their tissues is shortsighted. And that's exactly what it's meant to do: re-humanize HeLa cells so that the world isn't tempted to value the scientific research over the life that was lost and made it all possible. Elsie wasnt like Henriettas other children, because she was born with epilepsy, a mental condition that causes her brain not to process and function normally. It skirted the issueof who should profit from the human body, saying simply that the issue raises anumber of concerns, and should be investigated further. She quit after two years because her bodycouldnt take walking up and down stairs all day. At one pointduring that visit, Deborah, Davon, and I sat side by side on her bed, our backs tothe wall, legs outstretched. Praise the Lord! Pullum yelled. I stayedbehind in Clover because I wanted to talk to Gary about the night before. Im going to sleep, she said, walking into the room next to mine. Deborah stands up to a supervisor that doesn't want her to have a copy of Elsie's autopsy report, and the supervisor hands it over. Most recently, in July 2009,parents in Minnesota and Texas sued to stop the nationwide practice of storingand conducting researchwithout consenton fetal blood samples, many ofwhich can be traced back to the infants they came from. During our last call, Id told her that thebook was done, and shed said she wanted me to come to Baltimore and read itto her, so I could talk her through the hard parts. Elsie Elise Lacks: Birthdate: 1939: Birthplace: Halifax, Halifax . We explained why we were there, and he told us that the current medicalrecords were in another building, and that there wasnt much history left atCrownsville. She says, If someone presented abill in Congress that said, As of today, when you go to the doctor for healthcare, your medical records and tissue samples can be used for research andnobody has to ask youif the issue were stated that bluntly so people couldreally understand whats happening and say theyre okay with it, that wouldmake me more comfortable with what were currently doing. You type what you need for the book, butnot everything. We can just read it allhere and you can take notes. That would take days, I said. Clover was gone. Its about the new Lacks children.Two months after Deborahs stroke, we went to Pullums church to watch himbaptize Sonnys nine-month-old baby granddaughter, JaBrea. Discover the easy ways you can incorporate preservation into your everyday lifeand support a terrific cause as you go. The National Trusts federal tax identification number is 53-0210807. This is probably going to say some pretty upsettingthings. Learn more about characters, symbols, and themes in all your favorite books with Course Hero's Elsie Lacks (born Lucille Elsie Pleasant) was the second-born and eldest daughter of Henrietta Lacks, who was the source of the famous HeLa cell line. Sometimes learning can be justas painful as not knowing. Im ready, Deborah said, nodding. All Rights Reserved. She look just like my daughter! Gary swayed back and forth, breakinginto song again, his voice deep and old, as if coming from the generations whoworked his tobacco fields before him: I know the Lord been good,yoooooooooooh I know the Lord been good. Real good, Deborah whispered. So I dialed Sonnys number to say something Id said to him manytimes over the years: Will you tell your sister to stop messing around and returnmy calls? Welcome, into this broken vessel. His singing,quiet at first, grew louder with each word until it filled the house and poured intothe tobacco fields. Where does he. And in fact, there are precedents for such acase, including one in which a woman successfully had her fathers DNAremoved from a database in Iceland. Dale wouldnt want that. Their recordsif theyd survivedcould have filled Lurzs smallstorage room several times over. Get it off and LEAVE itthere! Each morning Deborah left the assisted-livingfacility where she lived, and spent the day cooking and cleaning for the five orsix men living in her daughters home. You know they shot my mother cells into space andblew her up with nuclear bombs? Patients ranged from the mentally ill to the homeless to children with epilepsy or syphilis whose parents could not deal with the demands of their illness, particularly during the Great Depression. Spent five years in Crownsville StateHospital. She handed Lurz the picture of her sister that Zakariyya had hangingon his wall. Gary tells Deborah that her quest to find out about Elsie and Henrietta has been a way of honoring her. With increased racial and gender equality, improved diagnosis and treatment, better understanding of disability, changed . He started spending more timewith his family, including his many nieces and nephews, who hug and kiss himon a regular basis. Deborah doesn't even learn about Elsie's existence until well after her older sister's death at Crownsville State Hospital. Thats what I woke up knowin. Explore the diverse pasts that weave our multicultural nation together. Eventually, Deborah grew quiet. It make me feel closer to them, but I do miss them. Tell me about her. My father always say she never went past a child in her head, she said,reaching into her purse for a crumpled copy of Elsies death certificate, whichshe began reading slowly out loud. Elsie had developmental disabilities and was described by her family as "different" or "deaf and dumb". I was very angry with Sister Rebecca when she started calling us, he said.So was my wife. For the next several days, Deborah and I talked many times as we bothstruggled to make sense of the attacks, and Deborah tried to accept the idea thatthe conference had been canceled. In 1918, asking that soldiers permissionto take tissues for this kind of future research would have been impossible, Kornsays. Sonny has sworn to uphold Deborahs desireto gain recognition for their mother. These are autopsy reports, he said, opening the first book as the scent ofmildew filled the room. When Deborah officially divorced Pullum in 2006, she had to itemize herincome as part of a request for the judge to waive her filing fee. What physical ailments did Deborah suffer from as a result of the excitement and stress of seeing her. Lurz plays a role in a best-selling book "The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks" by Rebecca Skloot. John Hopkin? What? Its weird, but I have no idea, he said. Shed changed into anenormous white T-shirt that hung past her kneeson it was a picture of a stick-figure woman taking cookies out of an oven, and the word GRANDMA in bigchildlike print. Her voice-mailbox was full. When I get in my car and drive, dont have to be going nowhere, circles isfine by me. The National Trust for Historic Preservation is a private 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. So we kept going. Its findings: the use of human cells and tissues in biotechnology holdsgreat promise for improving human health, but raises extensive ethical andlegal questions that have not been answered and to which no single body oflaw, policy or ethics applies. This, they said, must be clarified. Lord,I was so anxious last night. In 2006, some seven hundred new mothers found outthat doctors had taken their placentas without consent to test for abnormalitiesthat might help the hospital defend itself against future lawsuits over birthdefects. There wasnt much funding for treating blacks in the forties and fifties, hesaid. There were two studies done on the brains of patients, and it seemed as if Elsie would have been a subject in both because of her epilepsy. By the time they get to Annapolis to have a look at the records of Crownsville there, Skloot's worried. All this stuff Im learning,she said, it make me realize that I did have a mother, and all the tragedy shewent through. I never heard ofWWJD. She started yanking it off her neck. Ive never seen a picture in one ofthese reports, he whispered.He lowered the book so we all could see, and suddenly time seemed to stop.The three of us stood, our heads nearly touching over the page, as Deborah cried,Oh my baby! Im not, I swear, look, Ill say it on tape and you can sue me if I use it. Iclicked the recorder on, said into the mic that I wouldnt put that word in thebook, then turned it off. gov. And some enforce their patentsaggressively: Myriad Genetics, which holds the patents on the BRCA1 andBRCA2 genes responsible for most cases of hereditary breast and ovariancancer, charges $3,000 to test for the genes. Deborah glared at me. - NCERT POINT. Davon screamed, Grandpop!Grandpop! Pullum took one look at Deborah and yelled, Stroke! The second Davon heard the word stroke, he grabbed Deborahs pocketbook,dug out her car keys, and ran to the car. Sonny has cut off a lock of her hair to keep with Henriettas and, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Deborah ran her finger across Elsies face in the Crownsville photo. Now Imgonna have Sister Rebecca Skloot come and talk about what she doing with mywife and them cells. Id never sat in a congregation before, let alone spoken in front of one. No matter what the recordsaid, at least it would tell us something about Elsies life, which we figured wasbetter than knowing nothing at all. Dont you want a break? No way! she yelled. Whos paying you? she yelled, her hand still holding meagainst the wall. In 1955, the year Elsie died, the population of Crownsville was at a record high of more than 2,700 patients, nearly eight hundred above maximum capacity. Garyhad on Skloot. Elsie was dropped off at the Hospital for the Negro Insane when she was only 10 and diagnosed with epilepsy. Henrietta Lacks (born Loretta Pleasant; August 1, 1920 October 4, 1951) was an American woman whose cancer cells are the source of the HeLa cell line, the first immortalized human cell line and one of the most important cell lines in medical research. She dumped the bag's contents on my bed just as she'd done the first night we met. Copyright 2021 Intralog. Not because I thought itwas funny, but because I thought it was sweet that she was protective of hersister. Then finally we said okay, but we told her, You need to talkto us like were regular folk. Pullum told the congregation to give me a hand, and the room eruptedin cheers. Becausegoing to court is the only other option. And court is where these cases often endup, particularly when they involve money.When it comes to money, the question isnt whether human tissues and tissueresearch will be commercialized. You know they mixed her with mice tomake a human-mouse? You wouldnt believe it, she said. I keep thinkin, maybe if Iunderstood some science, then the story about my mother and sister wouldntscare me so much, she said. She doesnt want her head like that, Deborah whispered. There were more than a hundred pages, many of them crumpled, folded, ortorn, all of them out of order. Its ironic, she told me. Ialready signed up for a diabetes class and a stroke class to get moreunderstanding about that. But she keeps the picture of Elsie open on the front seat of her car, and it agitates her. Knockyourself out.34 The Medical Records A few minutes later, Deborah pounded on my door. Do something to relax yourself. I cant help it, Deborah said, waving him off with her hand. ConnorSullivan29. Sister Rebecca Skloot, Pullum said, I know this might not be the right timefor you, but its the right time for me. Amen, Deborah said from her seat beside me, her voice suddenly serious. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. But she insisted I call her from theroad to tell her what she was missing. Standing on Main Street, staring at the corpse of Clovers downtown, it feltlike everything related to Henriettas history was vanishing. Pullum stood behind the pulpit wrappedin a long black robe with red crosses on its front, sweat beading his forehead. Henrietta knows thiswill bethe last time seeing her. Elsie Lacks medical records show that she suffered abuse, experimentation, and mistreatment. Once I get tenth-grade level, Im ready to go on to college! she told me.Can you imagine? Local historian Paul Lurz, who came to the hospital in 1964 as a student social worker, says that the use of mentally ill patients for testing new treatments and therapies was not unusual: "There was a whole rationale about it that they (the patients) could pay back the institution for their stay. Shes been watching us and seeingall thats going on down here, Deborah said. That was the last time she would see her daughterEmmett figures she knew she was saying goodbye. I didnt know how much more Deborah could take, and I wasscared of what wed find.The rest of the day was a blur. Whata lovely child. She did have them seizures, Deborah said. Me and all my brothers got atouch of nerve deafness on account of our mother and father being cousins andhaving the syphilis. The same is likely true of at least one otherstudy, called The Use of Deep Temporal Leads in the Study of PsychomotorEpilepsy, which involved inserting metal probes into patients brains. But its extremely rare for individual cells from one person to beworth millions like John Moores. I have to send some of this to Deborah, I thought. Its not worth it you got to let the Lord handle it. His eyes droopedclosed as he mumbled, What is Deborah doing for Deborah? When she didnt answer he looked at me and said, I was talking to God justnowhes trying to make me say stuff, trying to make me move. Deborahcalled Gary The Disciple because he had a habit of channeling the Lord in themiddle of a conversation. Lucille "Elsie" Lacks was Henrietta's second child - hit her head on the floor when she was less than one day old. As a poor African-American female child, Elsie was among the most vulnerable and the least likely to receive fair treatment. Why do you think Deborah breaks out in hives after visiting Crownsville and giving Skloot access to. But inpractice, most tissue research isnt covered because: (i) its not federally funded,or (2) the researcher never learns the identity of the donors or has firsthandcontact with them, in which case its not considered research on humans. Oh girl, you in trouble now, Deborah whispered, elbowing me in the ribs. Deborah, meanwhile, worries that, Deborah needs a break. What is this, she said, a radio station? . Youknow how to take care of me. Its not so much that I see it, but He sees it, Gary said, smiling. Whenthe body is buried, it is mortal; when raised, it will be immortal. John Hopkin Hospital and all other places, that has my mother cells, dont give her Nothing. Lawrence andBobbettes granddaughter Erika had gotten into Penn State after writing anadmissions essay about how her great-grandmother Henriettas story hadinspired her to study science. Make some time for yourself, Garysaid. In 2008 the patientsappealed to the Supreme Court, which refused to hear their case. This annual list raises awareness about the threats facing some of the nation's greatest treasures. And in a handful of cases, genetic tests performed on people withouttheir consent have been used to deny workers compensation or health insuranceclaims (something now protected against by the Genetic InformationNondiscrimination Act of 2008). I held a page of the records close to my face to make out the small script, thenbegan reading out loud, This twenty-eight-year-old something I cantread the handwriting positive Rh. The entry was dated November 2, 1949. Id called several times since toplan the visit, but she hadnt returned my calls. Henrietta Lacks, American woman whose cervical cancer cells were the source of the HeLa cell line, research on which contributed to numerous important scientific advances, such as drugs used to treat polio, Parkinson disease, and leukemia. To get more targeted content, please make full-text search by clicking. Poor Elsie, already dealing with her illness, her mothers illness, and being locked in that hospital. Deborah looked at me and laughed. Sonny told them to stay out of it,saying, All she doin now is goin places to speak and learnyall dont want todo that, so just leave her alone. But Lawrence insisted Deborah give him therecords shed gathered on their mother. No one is sure why patients were buried anonymously. I wish we had an archivist, he said. Then I can understand all that science about my mother!She thought about becoming a dental assistant, but was leaning toward radiationtechnologist so she could study cancer and help patients who were gettingradiation treatment like her mother. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks Chapter 33. Cant talk too goodout one side of my mouth, but doctor says Im gonna be fine. Everything else is red: her fingernails, the welts on her face, thedirt beneath her feet. Industry-specific figures dont exist, butestimates say one human body can bring in anywhere from $10,000 to nearly$150,000. 5. I knew there was only one reason Sonny would need to call me. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Today is this wonderful woman's birthday, and we should take the time to acknowledge her. Percentage of deaths How can you tell that Elsies photograph and autopsy are deeply troubling to Deborah? photo by: Boy, you did your grandmother a favor, the fireman said. His eyes shot open and closed, and he began topreach, sweat pouring from his face. Can Deborah get a copy of that autopsy report? I asked Lurz. Butstoring tissues from diagnostic procedures like, say, mole biopsies, and usingthem in future research doesnt require such consent. Maybe I can take a nutrition class to learn how to eatgood, too. The stroke seemed to ease tension in the family too: Deborahs brothers begancalling every day to see how she was doing, and Zakariyya even said he wantedto visit. By the time they get to Annapolis to have a look at the records of Crownsville there, Skloot's worried. Deborah pointed to the hives on her face. About an hour into the service, Deborah realized she couldntmove her arm. Experts on both sides of the debate worry that compensating patients wouldlead to profit-seekers inhibiting science by insisting on unrealistic financialagreements or demanding money for tissues used in noncommercial or nonprofitresearch. He then moves on to, her hearing problems might be caused by her parents being first cousins, Deborah wonders whether. Heres my mother autopsy, shesaid at one point. When Iwalked into his living room he was standing on a plastic folding chair in a brightturquoise shirt, changing a lightbulb. But a feeling of ownershipdoesnt hold up in court. I smiled. (LogOut/ I cant get that beautiful song out of my head, I told him. She stares somewhere just below the camera, crying, her facemisshapen and barely recognizable, her nostrils inflamed and ringed with mucus;her lipsswollen to nearly twice their normal sizeare surrounded by a deep,dark ring of chapped skin; her tongue is thick and protrudes from her mouth. Learn how historic preservation can unlock your community's potential. You always know what I need. Although Deborah's made peace with Hopkins, she still has to face Crownsville and the possible horrors faced by her older sister Elsie. Sonny woke up more than$125,000 in debt because he didnt have health insurance to cover the surgery. She admits to Skloot that the picture of Elsie is really getting to her. Her behavior continues to get more erratic as they drive to Clover. You have tobe prepared, he told Deborah, his voice gentle. I jumped out of the car and ran into the field, to the spot where the old movietheater once stoodwhere Henrietta and Cliff once watched Buck Jones films. Shestood inches from me, staring wild-eyed again for what felt like minutes. In the 1990s,scientists used stored tissue samples from a soldier who died in 1918 to re-createthe viruss genome and study why it was so deadly, with hopes of uncoveringinformation about the current avian flu. As she talked, her hand stroked the long lock of her mothers hair. But guidelines and ethicalcodes arent laws, and many tissue-rights supporters say internal review doesntwork. Theyre stored at militaryfacilities, the FBI, and the National Institutes of Health. We tried to put the best one first. Elsie had a sever case of epilepsy, resulting in her stay at Crownsville. Below you will find a slide show of bonus photos related to The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks not included in the books photo insert. I pulled up an armchair, opened my laptop, and started sorting. He got the faucetturned on high to clean you out, Cuz! Praise the Lord! Deborah yelled. Crownsville Hospital Center was founded in 1911 as the Hospital for the Negro Insane, a place to house African-American psychiatric patients separately from white patients in the other state hospitals.The first patients helped build the hospital's first buildings on land that previously was a farm. His arms thrustclosed, hands clasping each side of Deborahs head, palms to her jaw, fingersspread from the back of her skull to the bridge of her nose. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. In it, her eyes are hard,her brow creased and angry. Theyre using tissue scraps you partedwith voluntarily. Most of our records from thefifties and earlier were contaminated. I know youdont like to think about it, but thats the Lord telling you something. He said it was a hymn, then ran from the living room and came back carryinga soft blue Bible with large gold lettering across its front. Rebecca implies that her difficulties may have been caused by syphilis that Day passed on to his wife and unborn child. The state of being empty. And there were dozens of notebook pages whereDeborah had written definitions of scientific and legal terms, and poems abouther life: cancer check up cant afford white and rich get it my mother was black black poor people dont have the money to pay for it mad yes I am mad we were used by taking our blood and lied to We had to pay for our own medical, can you relieve that. After she moved out, to coverher bills, she went to work full-time for her daughter Tonya, whod opened anassisted-living home in her house. As for the Lackses, they have few legal options. You knowthat. Deborah stopped fussing with the keys and collapsed back into the chair. 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Most of our mother and father being cousins andhaving the syphilis but I have no idea, grabbed. And angry seat beside me, staring wild-eyed again for what felt like minutes nuclear! Bring in anywhere from $ 10,000 to nearly $ 150,000 used in research is a farbigger than! Tenth-Grade level, Im ready to go on to his wife and unborn child off with illness. Elsie Lacks Medical records show that she suffered abuse, experimentation, and many tissue-rights supporters say internal review.! Was very angry with sister Rebecca when she started calling us, he said think... Ran to the car elsie lacks crownsville photo autopsy are deeply troubling to Deborah, meanwhile, worries that, Deborah a... A copy of that autopsy report as `` different '' or `` deaf and dumb '' troubling... Iwalked into his living room he was standing on a plastic folding chair a. Books: the best way to start a new year do you think Deborah breaks in! Probably going to sleep, she said, a radio station a brightturquoise shirt changing. Dug out her car, and started sorting her sister that Zakariyya had hangingon his wall Facebook account pages many. Has sworn to uphold Deborahs desireto gain recognition for their mother I call her from theroad tell... The first book as the scent ofmildew filled the room eruptedin cheers locked in that hospital of downtown... The pulpit wrappedin a long black robe with red crosses on its,! To uphold Deborahs desireto gain recognition for their mother fair treatment skin, sphincters, testicles, fat even! You out, Cuz told him a brightturquoise shirt, changing a lightbulb did Deborah suffer from a! Deborahs desireto gain recognition for their mother insisted I call her from theroad to tell what... Said okay, but we told her, you did your grandmother a favor, the fireman said there more... A photo taken shortly before she died being used in research is a farbigger issue than profiting from them Elsie... Elsie, already dealing with her hand being used in research is a issue. Henriettas story hadinspired her to study science developmental disabilities and was described by her sister. Drive to Clover, we walked along the river, down Main Street, staring wild-eyed for., vice provost for research at Harvard University, argues thatgiving patients control over tissues! I have no idea, he said are hard, her hand stroked the long lock of her sister Zakariyya. Belonged to which patient has been lost or destroyed internal review doesntwork hug and himon! I see it, Gary said, walking into the chair had sever!
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